Your most pressing ADHD questions answered
ADHD affects millions of people worldwide, yet confusion and misconceptions about this neurodevelopmental condition persist. Whether you're seeking answers for yourself, a loved one, or simply want to understand ADHD better, you're not alone in having questions.
This comprehensive guide addresses the most commonly asked questions about ADHD, from its causes and diagnosis to practical management strategies.
What is ADHD and how does it affect the brain?
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is understood as a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how the brain processes information, regulates attention, and controls impulses. It's a difference in brain structure and function.
Research shows that ADHD brains have differences in areas responsible for executive function, including the prefrontal cortex, which manages attention, planning, and decision-making. These differences affect how individuals with ADHD process dopamine and norepinephrine, neurotransmitters crucial for focus and motivation.
What causes ADHD in the brain?
The exact causes of ADHD involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Studies indicate that ADHD is heritable, with genetics accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Yet no gene as such as been found so far (as of June 2025).
However, environmental factors during pregnancy and early childhood also contribute, including exposure to toxins, premature birth, or brain injuries.
What chemical do ADHD brains lack?
It is currently understoon in the mainstream medical field that ADHD brains don't necessarily "lack" specific chemicals but rather process them differently. The primary neurotransmitters involved are dopamine and norepinephrine. These chemicals play crucial roles in attention, motivation, and executive function. In ADHD brains, these neurotransmitters may be reabsorbed too quickly or not produced in optimal amounts, leading to the characteristic symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Understanding ADHD diagnosis and development
How is ADHD diagnosed?
ADHD diagnosis involves a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional, typically a psychiatrist, psychologist, or specialist paediatrician. There's no single test for ADHD, instead, the process includes:
Detailed interviews about symptoms and their impact on daily life
Questionnaires and rating scales completed by the individual and family members
Review of medical and educational history
Assessment of symptoms across different settings (home, school, work)
Ruling out other conditions that might cause similar symptoms (trauma, physiological differences, drug induced symptoms, etc.)
The diagnostic process requires evidence that symptoms have been present for at least six months (and prior the age of 12) and significantly impair functioning in multiple areas of life.
Can you get ADHD later in life?
This question reflects a common misunderstanding about ADHD development. You cannot develop ADHD as an adult, the condition must be present from childhood. However, many adults receive their first ADHD diagnosis later in life.
Adult ADHD diagnosis often occurs when:
Childhood symptoms were overlooked or misattributed
Symptoms become more problematic as life demands increase
A child's ADHD diagnosis prompts parents to recognise similar patterns in themselves
Life changes reduce external structure and support systems
What is ADHD in kids?
ADHD in children presents differently across age groups and individuals. In younger children, you might notice:
Difficulty sitting still or remaining quiet
Trouble following instructions or completing tasks
Frequent interrupting or difficulty waiting turns
Seeming not to listen when spoken to directly
Losing things frequently
It's crucial to remember that all children display some of these behaviours occasionally. ADHD is diagnosed when these symptoms are persistent, severe, and significantly impact the child's ability to function at home, school, or in social situations.
ADHD Statistics and Demographics
How many people have ADHD?
Current estimates suggest that ADHD affects approximately 5-7% of children and 2-3% of adults worldwide. In Australia, studies indicate that around 6-8% of children and adolescents have ADHD, making it one of the most common neurodevelopmental conditions.
Why is ADHD more common in males than females?
Historically, ADHD has been diagnosed more frequently in boys than girls, with ratios ranging from 2:1 to 4:1. However, this disparity likely reflects diagnostic bias rather than actual prevalence differences.
Girls with ADHD often present with less obvious symptoms; they may be inattentive and daydreamy rather than hyperactive and disruptive. This "internalised" presentation means girls are often overlooked or misdiagnosed, leading to underrepresentation in ADHD statistics.
Common ADHD questions and misconceptions
What is the difference between ADD and ADHD?
ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) is an outdated term. The current diagnostic manual recognises three presentations of ADHD:
Predominantly inattentive presentation (what was formerly called ADD)
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation
Combined presentation
This change reflects a better understanding that attention difficulties and hyperactivity exist on a spectrum and can present differently in various individuals.
Is ADHD real?
ADHD is a well-recognised, legitimate medical condition supported by research. Brain imaging studies consistently show structural and functional differences in ADHD brains. The condition is recognised by major medical and psychiatric organisations worldwide.
Managing ADHD symptoms and behaviours
What is stimming in ADHD?
Stimming refers to repetitive behaviours or movements that help regulate sensory input and emotional states. In ADHD, common stimming behaviours include:
Fidgeting with objects or body parts
Leg bouncing or foot tapping
Hair twisting or playing
Pen clicking or tapping
These behaviours often help individuals with ADHD maintain focus or manage overwhelming sensory input. Understanding stimming as a coping mechanism rather than a problem behaviour can help create more supportive environments.
How to stop skin picking in ADHD
Skin picking (dermatillomania) is more common in people with ADHD and often serves as a way to manage anxiety, boredom, or sensory needs. Strategies to reduce skin picking include:
Identifying triggers and emotional states that lead to picking
Providing alternative sensory tools like fidget toys or stress balls
Keeping nails short and wearing gloves when possible
Addressing underlying anxiety or stress
Working with a therapist who specialises in body-focused repetitive behaviours
How to overcome ADHD paralysis
ADHD paralysis occurs when someone feels completely overwhelmed and unable to start or complete tasks. To overcome this challenging symptom:
Break large tasks into smaller, manageable steps
Use timers to create structure and urgency
Change your environment to reduce distractions
Practice self-compassion and avoid harsh self-criticism
Consider body doubling (working alongside someone else)
Address perfectionism that might be contributing to avoidance
Why is my ADHD worse on some days?
ADHD symptoms can fluctuate significantly based on various factors:
Hormonal changes:
Menstrual cycles can affect dopamine levels
Stress hormones impact executive function
Sleep quality influences symptom severity
Environmental factors:
High-stress situations worsen symptoms
Lack of structure increases difficulties
Sensory overload compounds challenges
Physical factors:
Poor nutrition can lead to brain fog
Illnesses or physical pain may exacerbate symptoms
Medication inconsistencies affect focus and regulation
Strategies to navigate symptom variability
Recognising and addressing the factors that influence ADHD symptom fluctuations can significantly improve daily life. Here are some practical tips to manage these changes effectively:
Maintain a consistent routine: Structure and predictability help reduce feelings of overwhelm and create a sense of stability.
Prioritise sleep: Ensuring adequate, high-quality sleep can have a profound impact on attention, impulse control, and emotional regulation.
Track hormonal or physical patterns: Keeping a journal of symptoms in relation to menstrual cycles, diet, or other physical factors can help identify triggers and patterns.
Build healthy habits: Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and self-care practices support overall well-being and mental focus.
Create a supportive environment: Minimise distractions, establish dedicated spaces for tasks, and practice clear communication with those around you.
ADHD and co-occurring conditions
Can you have OCD and ADHD?
Yes, ADHD and OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) can co-occur, though they're distinct conditions. While ADHD involves difficulty with attention and impulse control, OCD involves intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviours aimed at reducing anxiety.
Having both conditions can complicate treatment, as some ADHD medications might worsen OCD symptoms. Working with healthcare providers experienced in both conditions is essential for developing an effective treatment plan.
Can you have ADHD and anxiety?
Anxiety disorders frequently co-occur with ADHD. The relationship between these conditions is complex, ADHD symptoms can contribute to anxiety, while anxiety can worsen ADHD symptoms. Common connections include:
Worry about forgetting tasks or making mistakes
Social anxiety related to ADHD symptoms
Overwhelm from sensory sensitivities
Anxiety about academic or work performance
What is RSD in ADHD?
Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD) is an intense emotional response to perceived rejection or criticism. While not officially recognised as a separate diagnosis, RSD is commonly reported among people with ADHD.
RSD can manifest as:
Extreme emotional reactions to criticism
Avoiding situations where rejection might occur
People-pleasing behaviours to avoid disappointment
Intense mood changes triggered by perceived slights
Understanding RSD helps explain why some individuals with ADHD experience such strong emotional reactions to everyday social interactions.
Supporting children and adults with ADHD
How to help a child with ADHD
Supporting a child with ADHD requires patience, understanding, and consistent strategies:
At home:
Create predictable routines and clear expectations
Use visual schedules and reminders
Provide regular breaks and opportunities for movement
Celebrate small successes and progress
Maintain open communication about feelings and challenges
Educational support:
Work collaboratively with teachers and school staff
Advocate for appropriate accommodations
Help with organisation and time management skills
Support homework routines without taking over
How to manage ADHD without medication for adults
While medication can be highly effective for ADHD, some adults prefer non-medication approaches or want to supplement their treatment:
Lifestyle strategies:
Regular exercise to improve focus and mood
Consistent sleep schedules
Mindfulness and meditation practices
Nutritious diet with regular meals
Stress management techniques
Organisational tools:
Digital calendars and reminder systems
Task management apps
Environmental modifications to reduce distractions
Breaking tasks into smaller, manageable steps
Professional support:
Psychological treatment and/or Psychotherapy
ADHD coaching
Support groups
Occupational therapy
By identifying the unique factors that influence symptom variability and implementing supportive strategies, individuals with ADHD can cultivate a greater sense of control and balance in their daily lives.
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